testudines – Nix Illustration

Solnhofia

Solnhofia parsonsi was a turtle that lived in the tropical seas covering what is now Europe during the Late Jurassic, about 150-148 million years ago.

Around 20cm long (~8″), it had a long pointed beak and a large triangular head that would have supported powerful jaw muscles, which it may have used to crush hard-shelled invertebrate prey.

Its relatively short limbs are more similar to those of freshwater turtles than the long flippers of oceanic-swimming sea turtles, suggesting Solnhofia was adapted to shallow coastal waters and lagoons rather than the open sea.

Some specimens have considerably shorter tails than others, which may represent the same sort of sexual dimorphism as seen in modern sea turtles – with the longer-tailed individuals being males, and the shorter-tailed ones females.

One fossil’s carapace also shows predation tooth marks from a marine crocodilian similar to Dakosaurus.

Jiangxichelys neimongolensis

Jiangxichelys neimongolensis was a terrestrial turtle that was part of an extinct group known as nanhsiungchelyids, whose closest living relatives today are the aquatic softshell turtles.

(This species was previously known as “Zangerlia” neimongolensis, but has since been moved into the genus Jiangxichelys instead.)

It lived towards the end of the Cretaceous, about 75-71 million years ago, in what is now the Gobi Desert – which at the time was more of a semi-arid climate with both rivers and sand dunes.

Its 60cm long (~2′) carapace had a long wide shape that made it appear rather flattened from the front, but not to quite as much an extreme as its larger American cousin Basilemys.

Several fairly well-preserved specimens have been found that appear to have been buried alive, probably either engulfed by sudden sandstorms or trapped in collapsing burrows. This has preserved some anatomical details previously unknown in nanhsiungchelyids, such as the pattern of scales on top of the head and the presence of large bony osteoderms on the underside of the front toes, which may have aided with traction on loose sandy ground.

Eons Roundup 11

It’s time for another batch of PBS Eons commission work!

An illustration of an extinct marine reptile. It has a lizard-like body and a long paddle-like tail, and a small head with an oddly-shaped wide mouth lined with many tiny teeth – the overall shape of its bizarre jaws resembles the head of a vacuum cleaner! — Atopodentatus unicus

An illustration of an extinct marine reptile. It resembles a turtle with a wide squared-off beak, small spikes on the back of its head, and a wide carapace shaped vaguely like a horseshoe crab. — Atopodentatus unicus

The marine reptiles Atopodentatus and Henodus, from “The Triassic Reptile With ‘Two Faces'”
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-8W26SiCylI

An illustration of an extinct giant marine turtle. it has a ridged shell like a leatherback, and a hooked eagle-like beak. — Archelon ischyros

An illustration of an extinct sea turtle. — Archelon ischyros

The marine turtles Archelon and Euclastes, from “The Return of Giant Skin-Shell Sea Turtles”
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Tmb8XCwb3FI

Eons Roundup 7

It’s another PBS Eons commission roundup day!

An illustration of an extinct mammal related to marsupials, climbing on a tree branch. It's an opposum-like animal with protruding fangs and a long furred tail. — Pucadelphys andinus

An illustration of an extinct mammal related to marsupials. It's a mouse-like animal with large ears and a long naked tail. — Pucadelphys andinus

The metatherian mammals Pucadelphysand Khasia, and lineart of the sparassodont Paraborhyaena, from “How South America Made the Marsupials”
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=l5doyrUWFbE

An illustration of an extinct relative of modern crocodiles. It has a long gharial-like snout, a slightly hunchbacked body, four paddle-like legs, and a long vertically flattened tail. — Acherontisuchus guajiraensis

An illustration of an extinct swimming turtle. It has a very wide and flat carapace, almost circular in shape. — Acherontisuchus guajiraensis

The dyrosaurid crocodyliform Acherontisuchus and the bothremydid turtle Puentemys, from “How a Hot Planet Created the World’s Biggest Snake”
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=T-hDNbM-WLk

An illustration of an extinct early penguin, in both sitting and swimming poses. It has a long pointed beak and loon-like wings. — Waimanu manneringi

An illustration of an extinct giant penguin. It has a long pointed beak. — Waimanu manneringi

The early penguin Waimanu and the giant penguin Anthropornis, from “When Penguins Went From The Sky To The Sea”
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HMArjGQwLvY

Chupacabrachelys

Bothremydids were an extinct group of side-necked turtles that existed from the late Cretaceous to the early Miocene, between about 100 and 20 million years ago. Found across most of the world (with the exception of Antarctica and Australia) they were a diverse group occupying a range of ecological niches, inhabiting both freshwater and near-shore marine habitats.

Although their fossils are mainly just fragmentary remains like pieces of shell, Chupacabrachelys complexus here is actually known from a fairly complete skeleton.

Living in what is now western Texas, USA, during the late Cretaceous (~75 mya), it was an average-sized member of the group at around 1m long (3’3″) and was probably marine, swimming around in the shallow tropical waters of the Western Interior Seaway.

It had a particularly unusual skull for a turtle, narrow and triangular and slightly flattened, with elongated eye sockets. The paleontologists who described Chupacabrachelys thought the overall shape was vaguely reminiscent of a canid, and so that ended up inspiring its name — a reference to the mangy coyotes that are occasionally mistaken for the mythical chupacabra.

Anomalochelys

Anomalochelys angulata, a terrestrial turtle from the mid-Cretaceous of Hokkaido, Japan (~100-94 mya).

Measuring around 60cm long (2′), it had a pair of large forward-facing horn-like spikes at the front of its shell – the function of which isn’t clear, but they may have been useful for defense if it was incapable of fully retracting its head into its shell.

It was part of a family of turtles from Asia and North America known as nanhsiungchelyids, a group that adapted to live fully on land and ended up convergently closely resembling modern tortoises. Other members of this group included the larger Nanhsiungchelys (which was also recently found to have possessed “horns” on its shell!) and the very flat Basilemys.

They were also a rare example of a turtle family that didn’t survive through the end-Cretaceous mass extinction, with no known remains from the Cenozoic.

Alienochelys

Alienochelys selloumi, a sea turtle from the Late Cretaceous of Morocco (70-66 mya). Although only known from a single skull, it was probably around 2-2.5m long (6′6″- 8′2″), and was closely related to both the modern leatherback turtle and the giant Archelon – and so it wouldn’t have had a solid shell but instead a leathery skin-covered carapace.

But that one skull was also incredibly weird. While most turtles have pointed beaks, Alienochelys had a blunt squared-off face, sort of “pug-nosed”, with its nostrils set high up between its eyes. It seems to have been specialized for crushing hard-shelled prey between the wide flat grinding surfaces of its beak, more similar to the jaws of rays than those of other turtles.

It also lived alongside another bizarre-jawed turtle, but that’s a subject for another time.